Diet for type 1 and type 2 diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a fairly serious disease to which, according to statistics, almost one in four people is susceptible. Since today the number of patients exceeds the 350 million mark, the diet for diabetes mellitus is being carefully studied, which, according to experts, should be followed not only by patients, but also by people predisposed to the development of the disease .

Excess weight, genetic predisposition or stomach diseases can lead to an abrupt cessation of insulin production and other unpleasant manifestations, and adherence to a diet will become a necessary measure to maintain a normal state.

Nutrition characteristics in diabetes mellitus.

The diet for diabetes can differ significantly depending on the type of disease. As a rule, there are 2 main types of diabetes mellitus, where there are various forms and rules of nutrition, which are due to the causes of metabolic disorders and the conversion of sugar to glucose.

But each type of disease requires compliance with general dietary habits.

Basic Nutrition Guidelines for Diabetes

Nutrition for diabetes should be carried out in accordance with strict adherence to the basic rules. So, for both types of the disease, there are the following aspects in the diet:

1. The diet should contain proteins, fats and carbohydrates in a balanced proportion in relation to the presence of the disease.
2. The number of meals should be slightly increased. Therefore, you need to eat every 3-4 hours in small portions, dishes for diabetics should be low in calories.
3. The caloric content of foods and dishes must be carefully and carefully calculated; should not exceed daily energy consumption. Otherwise, the likelihood of weight gain increases, which in diabetes is fraught with complications.
4. Almost any diet for patients with the presented disease follows the foundations of a correct and balanced diet. You must include in the diet vegetables and fruits, carbohydrates and proteins, do not neglect fats and amino acids.

It should be noted that each patient should consult with their health professional the basic nutritional concepts for their specific case. It is not recommended to follow a specific diet, even if it is intended for people with diabetes, without consulting a doctor.

The attending physician must calculate the caloric content of the patient, as well as make certain changes according to the individual characteristics of the organism.

Type 1 diabetes and diet.

Oddly enough, the type 1 diabetes diet is based on the correct administration of insulin, so the use of foods that significantly increase blood sugar should be considered here.

It turns out that for such patients, nutrition does not require restrictions, it is only necessary to carry out the correct accounting and timely administration of insulin into the blood. The following principles and rules for the administration of insulin are present here:

• Foods that do not contain many carbohydrates in their composition should not be taken into account. For example, meat and fish, eggs and cheese, cottage cheese and butter can be consumed in reasonable quantities, but their consumption should not be reduced or eliminated.
• Only products containing carbohydrates can be counted: these are flour and confectionery products, as well as vegetable products and liquid dairy products.

Insulin should be administered according to the amount of food consumed. It should also be adjusted in time to food consumption. Here you should use the following principles and rules to administer insulin:

• if the treatment occurs with short-acting insulin, then its introduction occurs 20 minutes before meals;
• if the treatment occurs with insulin of medium duration action, then its introduction occurs 40 minutes before a meal;
• When the combined type of insulin is used, it is administered according to the schedule 20 minutes before breakfast, every 3 hours during the day and half an hour before a full dinner.

The insulin dose should be calculated according to the amount of food consumed. The calculation is done by calculating bread units (XE).

The unit is a 25 g piece of bread (10-12 g carbohydrates), which increases a person's blood sugar by 1. 8 mmol / L.

The attending physician can inform you exactly about the stones. Also, for an accurate calculation of the insulin dose, you need to study the table that shows the indicators of the carbohydrate content in each product.

Type 2 diabetes and diet.

The type 2 diabetes diet is significantly different from the type 1 diet. Here, one should take into account not only the products allowed for consumption, but also carefully monitor the caloric content of the daily diet. So, here are the following indicators:

• the normal daily caloric content should be in the range of 1600-2500 kcal, depending on the patient's weight and energy consumption;
• in the presence of excess weight, the caloric content necessarily decreases to 1300-1500 kcal;
• if there is a lot of excess weight, the attending physician can reduce the caloric content to 1000 kcal per day;
• there are times when excessive weight significantly exceeds the norm, and the daily calorie content is reduced to 600-900 kcal.

The attending physician must calculate the caloric content of food, since not only the indicators of a person's weight are taken into account, but also the presence of diseases such as cardiac arrhythmias, serious chronic diseases, gout and mental disorders.

The diet for type 2 diabetics is as follows:

• The carbohydrates of the total daily diet should not exceed 55%. Preference should be given to those products that are saturated with vitamins, minerals and dietary fiber. For example, whole grain breads, whole grains, legumes and vegetables. As for products containing sugar, they are completely abandoned. Instead of sugar, it is allowed to consume xylitol or sorbitol at the rate of 0. 5 g per 1 kg of the patient's weight, divided at the same time into 2-3 doses.
• Proteins for a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus are allowed according to the physiological norm of a healthy person - 90 g per day. Preference should be given to lean meat in the form of poultry, lean fish, and cottage cheese. The daily intake of protein in the diet is 15-20%.
• 30% of the daily ration contains fats, which reach the body to a greater extent from vegetable oils.
• They eat salt and fatty foods in limited amounts.

Experts advise taking the diet of patients with diabetes seriously. It is better to make a menu for every day, for 2-3 days or even for a whole week.

It will not hurt to present it to the treating doctor, who will be able to make adjustments according to the patient's health status.

Characteristics of a low carbohydrate diet for type 2 diabetes

As a general rule, most patients with type 2 diabetes are overweight, which requires immediate elimination so that a person can tolerate the disease more easily and does not expose the body to sudden and significant "jumps" in blood sugar levels. the blood.

Therefore, many experts suggest a low-carbohydrate diet for type 2 diabetes. What is it?

Scientists have suggested that it is quite difficult for sick people to adhere to proper nutrition and basic principles immediately after their illness is diagnosed.

Also, the main task here is to lose excess weight, therefore the patient needs to reduce calorie intake, which is not always possible.

Then a person begins to suffer sharp drops in blood sugar levels, which follows in relation to constant hunger. This, according to scientists, can be easily avoided by eating more protein.

Protein foods are great for weight loss. Also, in diabetes mellitus, protein foods are the safest. This diet is more reminiscent of the familiar "Kremlin" of all.

But such a diet should be resorted to only with the permission of the attending physician, since the intake of protein in the body in large quantities can be dangerous to health and lead to an exacerbation of chronic diseases.

If the presented diet is followed, it is recommended to take special vitamins for diabetics, which will be prescribed by the attending physician.

Principles and fundamentals of the diet "Table number 9"

Most specialists support not only proper nutrition, but also the use of special medical diets.

So, especially for patients with the presented disease, a diet was developed, called "Table No. 9", which corresponds to the approved list of all medical nutritional foundations.

She points out exactly how to eat correctly with diabetes mellitus, lists the allowed and prohibited foods.

The presented menu is also subdivided into two categories, which correspond to the first and second types of the disease. But there are general principles that must be learned and followed to maintain normal blood sugar levels.

Diet principles "Table number 9"

The presented diet contains basic principles that must be taken into account without a doubt. These include the following aspects:

1. Meals can be taken up to 6 times a day. The main feature is that you need to eat every 3 hours in small portions.
2. The menu for diabetics is compiled without the inclusion of fried, spicy and fatty foods.
3. You can only eat boiled, stewed and baked dishes.
4. Sweets for diabetics should be replaced by natural products or with the addition of sweeteners.

The "Table No. 9" contains a complete list of foods that are allowed for consumption, rich in vitamins and other useful microelements. You should pay attention to fruits with a high content of ascorbic acid, which can be consumed in small amounts during the day.

What can you eat with diabetes?

The presented diet fully indicates to patients what can be eaten with diabetes mellitus of any kind. It is recommended to include these foods in the diet to maintain sugar levels and prevent complications. Allowed products include:

• all flour products made with whole grains and whole wheat flour;
• low-fat sausages with fat inclusions;
• all kinds of fish related to low-fat varieties;
• all kinds of lean meats;
• green vegetables and greens;
• fruits with low sugar content;
• oats, buckwheat and millet are allowed from cereals;
• any low-fat dairy product;
• tea, freshly squeezed fruit and vegetable juices allowed, herbal teas are allowed from drinks.

Allowed foods are consumed according to the above rules and characteristics, depending on the type of disease.

What not to eat with diabetes

In the diet "Table number 9" there is a list of foods that are prohibited, they must be consumed with the utmost vigilance and precision. The list of prohibited products includes:

• all kinds of sweets, including sweets with a high sugar content (type of jam);
• fatty poultry meat;
• salinity in the form of salted fish, salted preserves and other pickles;
• drinkable fatty fermented dairy products, for example, baked milk, cream and yoghurts;
• you can not eat strong meat broths;
• pasta, rice and semolina are forbidden: sugar levels rise;
• hot spices, condiments, sandwiches;
• sweet fruits;
• industrial juices from packages: they have a high sugar content;
• any alcoholic beverage.

The type of disease in this case does not affect in any way the possibility of consuming prohibited foods. According to experts, even patients with type 1 diabetes should follow a diet so as not to aggravate the situation.

Controversial fruits and vegetables for diabetes

There are several controversial topics in the diet of people with diabetes. By saying that natural products are allowed, including spices, the doctors themselves begin to restrict the use of patients. What is the reason for this?

Controversial fruits in diabetes

The article has repeatedly mentioned that in the presence of the presented disease, the consumption of unsweetened fruits is allowed. They contain little sugar and therefore will not harm the patient in any way.

However, which fruits can be eaten with diabetes mellitus, even patients with a long experience do not know exactly. It is not necessary to talk about the ban on the use of grapes, but there are several controversial fruits, including:

1. Khaki. Is it possible to eat persimmon with diabetes mellitus, if its taste vaguely resembles sweet? It is this fact that confuses most patients.

   It turns out that, in fact, this fruit contains many vitamins, amino acids, trace elements and sucrose. This fact allows even sick people to wear persimmon, as it has a beneficial effect on the body. But this fruit also has a high glycemic index: 70%.

   It turns out that you can eat persimmon, but only in limited quantities: 70g of the fruit is 1XE. Persimmons are also allowed for type 2 diabetes mellitus, but in limited quantities, no more than 1 fruit per day.


2. tangerinesCitrus fruits are allowed for diabetics, but in moderation. But whether it is possible to eat mandarins with diabetes mellitus is a moot point.

   The fact is that mandarins contain a large amount of carbohydrates, which causes a sharp increase in blood sugar levels in patients with diabetes mellitus. For this reason, experts advise against the consumption of mandarins, even in moderation.


3. Watermelon and melon. In late summer, melons ripen, encouraging patients to eat watermelon and cantaloupe.

   These berries have a high glycemic index: 75% and 65%, respectively. This leads to a strong release of sugar in the patient's blood, which causes discomfort and leads to fainting.

These diabetic products are prohibited or require the use of bread units. Each patient should consult with the attending physician, who can calculate the allowable dose of fruit for consumption.

Controversial vegetables and roots in diabetes mellitus

The use of vegetables in diabetes mellitus is also controversial.

Many patients do not even realize that vegetables and tubers, such as potatoes, carrots, beets, and tomatoes, are under the strictest ban.

The listed vegetables contain a large amount of glucose, starch and sugar, which is unacceptable for consumption by patients with diabetes mellitus.

The following products are also subject to consideration:

• Jerusalem artichoke for diabetesRecommended for use by many experts. It contains many amino acids, trace elements and inulin, which is at least 80%. This enzyme is a polysaccharide made up of multiple fructose chains. It turns out that this root vegetable should not be consumed in unlimited quantities, but it should be included in the diet for diabetes mellitus, since its benefit lies in the prevention of the occurrence of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

• Pumpkin is a useful vegetable for diabetics. It contains a large amount of protein, carbohydrates, fiber, which has a positive effect on weight control and maintenance, and also contributes to weight loss. As a result, it turns out that pumpkin with type 2 diabetes mellitus should definitely be eaten, you just need to carefully monitor the amount of product in one serving, because there is also a high sugar content here.

• Sauerkraut with diabetes also generates a lot of controversy because, as already mentioned above, salting patients is prohibited. However, this type of salting is allowed for consumption by patients with type 2 diabetes. Cabbage and pickles improve metabolism, resulting in gradual weight loss. In addition, there are useful qualities for the work of the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, you can use sauerkraut, but only in small amounts.

Looking at recipes for diabetics, you can reveal a lot of interesting things in the use of food, including vegetables and fruits.

Here, you need to carefully consider the required amount of products for cooking. If necessary, you need to calculate the amount of food you can consume.

Healthy foods for diabetes

For diabetics, some natural products act only as a beneficial effect on the functioning of the whole body. So, for example, you cannot completely exclude glucose consumption. It is the basis of most of the processes in the human body, which acts as an integral part.

Based on the need and benefits of using natural products for diabetes mellitus, scientists give their list, which lists all the properties that should be followed when choosing and when preparing a diet.

Honey

Most of the patients refuse to consume honey. It seems to them that it contains a lot of sugar and glucose. It turns out that this natural product is only 40% sucrose. But it contains the same amount of glucose, which may prohibit the use of honey for diabetes.

However, experts say that honey is simply irreplaceable for diabetes. They can replace regular and usual sugar.

A serving of honey for type 2 diabetes should not exceed 1 to 2 tablespoons. Break it up into several steps - add to baked goods or tea.

Cinnamon

Cinnamon is mandatory for patients with type 2 diabetes. Due to the composition of the spice in the body, it increases the sensitivity of cells to the insulin produced, which helps to normalize and reduce blood sugar levels.

Also, cinnamon in diabetes helps to cleanse the blood vessels and internal organs of toxins and toxins, which has a positive effect in the prevention of thrombophlebitis and other serious diseases.

For a nice cinnamon application, add half a teaspoon to your tea or coffee. You can also sprinkle all dishes a little with spices, according to your tastes and preferences.

bay leaf

Bay leaf in diabetes mellitus is necessary for use, but it is contraindicated in the presence of serious diseases. Therefore, this natural product should be used to strengthen immunity, accelerate metabolism, cleanse the body of toxins and toxins.

On the other hand, bay leaves should not be consumed by people with advanced-stage diabetes, kidney disease, or stomach ulcers.

Bay leaf is mandatory for type 2 diabetes, where the patient is overweight and has high cholesterol.

The use of bay leaves is allowed in the form of a seasoning for dishes, but it is even more useful to use an infusion. To prepare it, take 10 bay leaves and pour three glasses of boiling water.

Leave the infusion to infuse for 3-4 hours. Take the composition of 100 g up to three times a day and half an hour before meals. This will help keep your glucose levels at the correct level.

stevia

Hardly anyone knows about the benefits of stevia in diabetes mellitus, but regular use of the infusion helps keep glucose at the required level, strengthens blood vessels, lowers cholesterol and blood pressure, and significantly improves blood microcirculation.

The collection is easy to buy at the pharmacy. It should be prepared according to the instructions presented, and the herbal tea should be drunk hot and in small sips.

Eat with diabetes mellitus correctly, according to the basic recommendations of specialists. In this way, you can keep your blood sugar at a healthy level and feel good in any emergency.